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c++ source #1
Output
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Intel asm syntax
Demangle identifiers
Verbose demangling
Filters
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Debug intrinsics
Compiler
6502-c++ 11.1.0
ARM GCC 10.2.0
ARM GCC 10.3.0
ARM GCC 10.4.0
ARM GCC 10.5.0
ARM GCC 11.1.0
ARM GCC 11.2.0
ARM GCC 11.3.0
ARM GCC 11.4.0
ARM GCC 12.1.0
ARM GCC 12.2.0
ARM GCC 12.3.0
ARM GCC 12.4.0
ARM GCC 13.1.0
ARM GCC 13.2.0
ARM GCC 13.2.0 (unknown-eabi)
ARM GCC 13.3.0
ARM GCC 13.3.0 (unknown-eabi)
ARM GCC 14.1.0
ARM GCC 14.1.0 (unknown-eabi)
ARM GCC 14.2.0
ARM GCC 14.2.0 (unknown-eabi)
ARM GCC 4.5.4
ARM GCC 4.6.4
ARM GCC 5.4
ARM GCC 6.3.0
ARM GCC 6.4.0
ARM GCC 7.3.0
ARM GCC 7.5.0
ARM GCC 8.2.0
ARM GCC 8.5.0
ARM GCC 9.3.0
ARM GCC 9.4.0
ARM GCC 9.5.0
ARM GCC trunk
ARM gcc 10.2.1 (none)
ARM gcc 10.3.1 (2021.07 none)
ARM gcc 10.3.1 (2021.10 none)
ARM gcc 11.2.1 (none)
ARM gcc 5.4.1 (none)
ARM gcc 7.2.1 (none)
ARM gcc 8.2 (WinCE)
ARM gcc 8.3.1 (none)
ARM gcc 9.2.1 (none)
ARM msvc v19.0 (WINE)
ARM msvc v19.10 (WINE)
ARM msvc v19.14 (WINE)
ARM64 Morello gcc 10.1 Alpha 2
ARM64 gcc 10.2
ARM64 gcc 10.3
ARM64 gcc 10.4
ARM64 gcc 10.5.0
ARM64 gcc 11.1
ARM64 gcc 11.2
ARM64 gcc 11.3
ARM64 gcc 11.4.0
ARM64 gcc 12.1
ARM64 gcc 12.2.0
ARM64 gcc 12.3.0
ARM64 gcc 12.4.0
ARM64 gcc 13.1.0
ARM64 gcc 13.2.0
ARM64 gcc 13.3.0
ARM64 gcc 14.1.0
ARM64 gcc 14.2.0
ARM64 gcc 4.9.4
ARM64 gcc 5.4
ARM64 gcc 5.5.0
ARM64 gcc 6.3
ARM64 gcc 6.4
ARM64 gcc 7.3
ARM64 gcc 7.5
ARM64 gcc 8.2
ARM64 gcc 8.5
ARM64 gcc 9.3
ARM64 gcc 9.4
ARM64 gcc 9.5
ARM64 gcc trunk
ARM64 msvc v19.14 (WINE)
AVR gcc 10.3.0
AVR gcc 11.1.0
AVR gcc 12.1.0
AVR gcc 12.2.0
AVR gcc 12.3.0
AVR gcc 12.4.0
AVR gcc 13.1.0
AVR gcc 13.2.0
AVR gcc 13.3.0
AVR gcc 14.1.0
AVR gcc 14.2.0
AVR gcc 4.5.4
AVR gcc 4.6.4
AVR gcc 5.4.0
AVR gcc 9.2.0
AVR gcc 9.3.0
Arduino Mega (1.8.9)
Arduino Uno (1.8.9)
BPF clang (trunk)
BPF clang 13.0.0
BPF clang 14.0.0
BPF clang 15.0.0
BPF clang 16.0.0
BPF clang 17.0.1
BPF clang 18.1.0
BPF clang 19.1.0
BPF gcc 13.1.0
BPF gcc 13.2.0
BPF gcc 13.3.0
BPF gcc trunk
EDG (experimental reflection)
EDG 6.5
EDG 6.5 (GNU mode gcc 13)
EDG 6.6
EDG 6.6 (GNU mode gcc 13)
FRC 2019
FRC 2020
FRC 2023
HPPA gcc 14.2.0
KVX ACB 4.1.0 (GCC 7.5.0)
KVX ACB 4.1.0-cd1 (GCC 7.5.0)
KVX ACB 4.10.0 (GCC 10.3.1)
KVX ACB 4.11.1 (GCC 10.3.1)
KVX ACB 4.12.0 (GCC 11.3.0)
KVX ACB 4.2.0 (GCC 7.5.0)
KVX ACB 4.3.0 (GCC 7.5.0)
KVX ACB 4.4.0 (GCC 7.5.0)
KVX ACB 4.6.0 (GCC 9.4.1)
KVX ACB 4.8.0 (GCC 9.4.1)
KVX ACB 4.9.0 (GCC 9.4.1)
KVX ACB 5.0.0 (GCC 12.2.1)
LoongArch64 clang (trunk)
LoongArch64 clang 17.0.1
LoongArch64 clang 18.1.0
LoongArch64 clang 19.1.0
M68K gcc 13.1.0
M68K gcc 13.2.0
M68K gcc 13.3.0
M68K gcc 14.1.0
M68K gcc 14.2.0
M68k clang (trunk)
MRISC32 gcc (trunk)
MSP430 gcc 4.5.3
MSP430 gcc 5.3.0
MSP430 gcc 6.2.1
MinGW clang 14.0.3
MinGW clang 14.0.6
MinGW clang 15.0.7
MinGW clang 16.0.0
MinGW clang 16.0.2
MinGW gcc 11.3.0
MinGW gcc 12.1.0
MinGW gcc 12.2.0
MinGW gcc 13.1.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc (trunk)
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 10.2.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 10.3.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 11.2.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 11.3.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 11.4.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 12.1.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 12.2.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 12.3.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 12.4.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 13.1.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 13.2.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 13.3.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 14.1.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 14.2.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 8.2.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 8.5.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 9.4.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc (trunk)
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 10.2.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 10.3.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 11.2.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 11.3.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 11.4.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 12.1.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 12.2.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 12.3.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 12.4.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 13.1.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 13.2.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 13.3.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 14.1.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 14.2.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 8.2.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 8.5.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 9.4.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang (trunk)
RISC-V rv32gc clang 10.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 10.0.1
RISC-V rv32gc clang 11.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 11.0.1
RISC-V rv32gc clang 12.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 12.0.1
RISC-V rv32gc clang 13.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 13.0.1
RISC-V rv32gc clang 14.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 15.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 16.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 17.0.1
RISC-V rv32gc clang 18.1.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 19.1.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 9.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 9.0.1
RISC-V rv64gc clang (trunk)
RISC-V rv64gc clang 10.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 10.0.1
RISC-V rv64gc clang 11.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 11.0.1
RISC-V rv64gc clang 12.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 12.0.1
RISC-V rv64gc clang 13.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 13.0.1
RISC-V rv64gc clang 14.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 15.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 16.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 17.0.1
RISC-V rv64gc clang 18.1.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 19.1.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 9.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 9.0.1
Raspbian Buster
Raspbian Stretch
SPARC LEON gcc 12.2.0
SPARC LEON gcc 12.3.0
SPARC LEON gcc 12.4.0
SPARC LEON gcc 13.1.0
SPARC LEON gcc 13.2.0
SPARC LEON gcc 13.3.0
SPARC LEON gcc 14.1.0
SPARC LEON gcc 14.2.0
SPARC gcc 12.2.0
SPARC gcc 12.3.0
SPARC gcc 12.4.0
SPARC gcc 13.1.0
SPARC gcc 13.2.0
SPARC gcc 13.3.0
SPARC gcc 14.1.0
SPARC gcc 14.2.0
SPARC64 gcc 12.2.0
SPARC64 gcc 12.3.0
SPARC64 gcc 12.4.0
SPARC64 gcc 13.1.0
SPARC64 gcc 13.2.0
SPARC64 gcc 13.3.0
SPARC64 gcc 14.1.0
SPARC64 gcc 14.2.0
TI C6x gcc 12.2.0
TI C6x gcc 12.3.0
TI C6x gcc 12.4.0
TI C6x gcc 13.1.0
TI C6x gcc 13.2.0
TI C6x gcc 13.3.0
TI C6x gcc 14.1.0
TI C6x gcc 14.2.0
TI CL430 21.6.1
VAX gcc NetBSDELF 10.4.0
VAX gcc NetBSDELF 10.5.0 (Nov 15 03:50:22 2023)
WebAssembly clang (trunk)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 11.2.0 (2022r1)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 12.2.0 (20230208)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 8.2.0 (2019r2)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 8.2.0 (2020r1)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 8.2.0 (2020r2)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 8.4.0 (2020r3)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 8.4.0 (2021r1)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 8.4.0 (2021r2)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 11.2.0 (2022r1)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 12.2.0 (20230208)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 8.2.0 (2019r2)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 8.2.0 (2020r1)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 8.2.0 (2020r2)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 8.4.0 (2020r3)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 8.4.0 (2021r1)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 8.4.0 (2021r2)
Xtensa ESP32-S3 gcc 11.2.0 (2022r1)
Xtensa ESP32-S3 gcc 12.2.0 (20230208)
Xtensa ESP32-S3 gcc 8.4.0 (2020r3)
Xtensa ESP32-S3 gcc 8.4.0 (2021r1)
Xtensa ESP32-S3 gcc 8.4.0 (2021r2)
arm64 msvc v19.20 VS16.0
arm64 msvc v19.21 VS16.1
arm64 msvc v19.22 VS16.2
arm64 msvc v19.23 VS16.3
arm64 msvc v19.24 VS16.4
arm64 msvc v19.25 VS16.5
arm64 msvc v19.27 VS16.7
arm64 msvc v19.28 VS16.8
arm64 msvc v19.28 VS16.9
arm64 msvc v19.29 VS16.10
arm64 msvc v19.29 VS16.11
arm64 msvc v19.30 VS17.0
arm64 msvc v19.31 VS17.1
arm64 msvc v19.32 VS17.2
arm64 msvc v19.33 VS17.3
arm64 msvc v19.34 VS17.4
arm64 msvc v19.35 VS17.5
arm64 msvc v19.36 VS17.6
arm64 msvc v19.37 VS17.7
arm64 msvc v19.38 VS17.8
arm64 msvc v19.39 VS17.9
arm64 msvc v19.40 VS17.10
arm64 msvc v19.latest
armv7-a clang (trunk)
armv7-a clang 10.0.0
armv7-a clang 10.0.1
armv7-a clang 11.0.0
armv7-a clang 11.0.1
armv7-a clang 12.0.0
armv7-a clang 12.0.1
armv7-a clang 13.0.0
armv7-a clang 13.0.1
armv7-a clang 14.0.0
armv7-a clang 15.0.0
armv7-a clang 16.0.0
armv7-a clang 17.0.1
armv7-a clang 18.1.0
armv7-a clang 19.1.0
armv7-a clang 9.0.0
armv7-a clang 9.0.1
armv8-a clang (all architectural features, trunk)
armv8-a clang (trunk)
armv8-a clang 10.0.0
armv8-a clang 10.0.1
armv8-a clang 11.0.0
armv8-a clang 11.0.1
armv8-a clang 12.0.0
armv8-a clang 13.0.0
armv8-a clang 14.0.0
armv8-a clang 15.0.0
armv8-a clang 16.0.0
armv8-a clang 17.0.1
armv8-a clang 18.1.0
armv8-a clang 19.1.0
armv8-a clang 9.0.0
armv8-a clang 9.0.1
clang-cl 18.1.0
ellcc 0.1.33
ellcc 0.1.34
ellcc 2017-07-16
hexagon-clang 16.0.5
llvm-mos atari2600-3e
llvm-mos atari2600-4k
llvm-mos atari2600-common
llvm-mos atari5200-supercart
llvm-mos atari8-cart-megacart
llvm-mos atari8-cart-std
llvm-mos atari8-cart-xegs
llvm-mos atari8-common
llvm-mos atari8-dos
llvm-mos c128
llvm-mos c64
llvm-mos commodore
llvm-mos cpm65
llvm-mos cx16
llvm-mos dodo
llvm-mos eater
llvm-mos mega65
llvm-mos nes
llvm-mos nes-action53
llvm-mos nes-cnrom
llvm-mos nes-gtrom
llvm-mos nes-mmc1
llvm-mos nes-mmc3
llvm-mos nes-nrom
llvm-mos nes-unrom
llvm-mos nes-unrom-512
llvm-mos osi-c1p
llvm-mos pce
llvm-mos pce-cd
llvm-mos pce-common
llvm-mos pet
llvm-mos rp6502
llvm-mos rpc8e
llvm-mos supervision
llvm-mos vic20
loongarch64 gcc 12.2.0
loongarch64 gcc 12.3.0
loongarch64 gcc 12.4.0
loongarch64 gcc 13.1.0
loongarch64 gcc 13.2.0
loongarch64 gcc 13.3.0
loongarch64 gcc 14.1.0
loongarch64 gcc 14.2.0
mips clang 13.0.0
mips clang 14.0.0
mips clang 15.0.0
mips clang 16.0.0
mips clang 17.0.1
mips clang 18.1.0
mips clang 19.1.0
mips gcc 11.2.0
mips gcc 12.1.0
mips gcc 12.2.0
mips gcc 12.3.0
mips gcc 12.4.0
mips gcc 13.1.0
mips gcc 13.2.0
mips gcc 13.3.0
mips gcc 14.1.0
mips gcc 14.2.0
mips gcc 4.9.4
mips gcc 5.4
mips gcc 5.5.0
mips gcc 9.3.0 (codescape)
mips gcc 9.5.0
mips64 (el) gcc 12.1.0
mips64 (el) gcc 12.2.0
mips64 (el) gcc 12.3.0
mips64 (el) gcc 12.4.0
mips64 (el) gcc 13.1.0
mips64 (el) gcc 13.2.0
mips64 (el) gcc 13.3.0
mips64 (el) gcc 14.1.0
mips64 (el) gcc 14.2.0
mips64 (el) gcc 4.9.4
mips64 (el) gcc 5.4.0
mips64 (el) gcc 5.5.0
mips64 (el) gcc 9.5.0
mips64 clang 13.0.0
mips64 clang 14.0.0
mips64 clang 15.0.0
mips64 clang 16.0.0
mips64 clang 17.0.1
mips64 clang 18.1.0
mips64 clang 19.1.0
mips64 gcc 11.2.0
mips64 gcc 12.1.0
mips64 gcc 12.2.0
mips64 gcc 12.3.0
mips64 gcc 12.4.0
mips64 gcc 13.1.0
mips64 gcc 13.2.0
mips64 gcc 13.3.0
mips64 gcc 14.1.0
mips64 gcc 14.2.0
mips64 gcc 4.9.4
mips64 gcc 5.4.0
mips64 gcc 5.5.0
mips64 gcc 9.5.0
mips64el clang 13.0.0
mips64el clang 14.0.0
mips64el clang 15.0.0
mips64el clang 16.0.0
mips64el clang 17.0.1
mips64el clang 18.1.0
mips64el clang 19.1.0
mipsel clang 13.0.0
mipsel clang 14.0.0
mipsel clang 15.0.0
mipsel clang 16.0.0
mipsel clang 17.0.1
mipsel clang 18.1.0
mipsel clang 19.1.0
mipsel gcc 12.1.0
mipsel gcc 12.2.0
mipsel gcc 12.3.0
mipsel gcc 12.4.0
mipsel gcc 13.1.0
mipsel gcc 13.2.0
mipsel gcc 13.3.0
mipsel gcc 14.1.0
mipsel gcc 14.2.0
mipsel gcc 4.9.4
mipsel gcc 5.4.0
mipsel gcc 5.5.0
mipsel gcc 9.5.0
nanoMIPS gcc 6.3.0 (mtk)
power gcc 11.2.0
power gcc 12.1.0
power gcc 12.2.0
power gcc 12.3.0
power gcc 12.4.0
power gcc 13.1.0
power gcc 13.2.0
power gcc 13.3.0
power gcc 14.1.0
power gcc 14.2.0
power gcc 4.8.5
power64 AT12.0 (gcc8)
power64 AT13.0 (gcc9)
power64 gcc 11.2.0
power64 gcc 12.1.0
power64 gcc 12.2.0
power64 gcc 12.3.0
power64 gcc 12.4.0
power64 gcc 13.1.0
power64 gcc 13.2.0
power64 gcc 13.3.0
power64 gcc 14.1.0
power64 gcc 14.2.0
power64 gcc trunk
power64le AT12.0 (gcc8)
power64le AT13.0 (gcc9)
power64le clang (trunk)
power64le gcc 11.2.0
power64le gcc 12.1.0
power64le gcc 12.2.0
power64le gcc 12.3.0
power64le gcc 12.4.0
power64le gcc 13.1.0
power64le gcc 13.2.0
power64le gcc 13.3.0
power64le gcc 14.1.0
power64le gcc 14.2.0
power64le gcc 6.3.0
power64le gcc trunk
powerpc64 clang (trunk)
s390x gcc 11.2.0
s390x gcc 12.1.0
s390x gcc 12.2.0
s390x gcc 12.3.0
s390x gcc 12.4.0
s390x gcc 13.1.0
s390x gcc 13.2.0
s390x gcc 13.3.0
s390x gcc 14.1.0
s390x gcc 14.2.0
sh gcc 12.2.0
sh gcc 12.3.0
sh gcc 12.4.0
sh gcc 13.1.0
sh gcc 13.2.0
sh gcc 13.3.0
sh gcc 14.1.0
sh gcc 14.2.0
sh gcc 4.9.4
sh gcc 9.5.0
vast (trunk)
x64 msvc v19.0 (WINE)
x64 msvc v19.10 (WINE)
x64 msvc v19.14 (WINE)
x64 msvc v19.20 VS16.0
x64 msvc v19.21 VS16.1
x64 msvc v19.22 VS16.2
x64 msvc v19.23 VS16.3
x64 msvc v19.24 VS16.4
x64 msvc v19.25 VS16.5
x64 msvc v19.27 VS16.7
x64 msvc v19.28 VS16.8
x64 msvc v19.28 VS16.9
x64 msvc v19.29 VS16.10
x64 msvc v19.29 VS16.11
x64 msvc v19.30 VS17.0
x64 msvc v19.31 VS17.1
x64 msvc v19.32 VS17.2
x64 msvc v19.33 VS17.3
x64 msvc v19.34 VS17.4
x64 msvc v19.35 VS17.5
x64 msvc v19.36 VS17.6
x64 msvc v19.37 VS17.7
x64 msvc v19.38 VS17.8
x64 msvc v19.39 VS17.9
x64 msvc v19.40 VS17.10
x64 msvc v19.latest
x86 djgpp 4.9.4
x86 djgpp 5.5.0
x86 djgpp 6.4.0
x86 djgpp 7.2.0
x86 msvc v19.0 (WINE)
x86 msvc v19.10 (WINE)
x86 msvc v19.14 (WINE)
x86 msvc v19.20 VS16.0
x86 msvc v19.21 VS16.1
x86 msvc v19.22 VS16.2
x86 msvc v19.23 VS16.3
x86 msvc v19.24 VS16.4
x86 msvc v19.25 VS16.5
x86 msvc v19.27 VS16.7
x86 msvc v19.28 VS16.8
x86 msvc v19.28 VS16.9
x86 msvc v19.29 VS16.10
x86 msvc v19.29 VS16.11
x86 msvc v19.30 VS17.0
x86 msvc v19.31 VS17.1
x86 msvc v19.32 VS17.2
x86 msvc v19.33 VS17.3
x86 msvc v19.34 VS17.4
x86 msvc v19.35 VS17.5
x86 msvc v19.36 VS17.6
x86 msvc v19.37 VS17.7
x86 msvc v19.38 VS17.8
x86 msvc v19.39 VS17.9
x86 msvc v19.40 VS17.10
x86 msvc v19.latest
x86 nvc++ 22.11
x86 nvc++ 22.7
x86 nvc++ 22.9
x86 nvc++ 23.1
x86 nvc++ 23.11
x86 nvc++ 23.3
x86 nvc++ 23.5
x86 nvc++ 23.7
x86 nvc++ 23.9
x86 nvc++ 24.1
x86 nvc++ 24.3
x86 nvc++ 24.5
x86 nvc++ 24.7
x86-64 Zapcc 190308
x86-64 clang (EricWF contracts)
x86-64 clang (amd-staging)
x86-64 clang (assertions trunk)
x86-64 clang (clangir)
x86-64 clang (dascandy contracts)
x86-64 clang (experimental -Wlifetime)
x86-64 clang (experimental P1061)
x86-64 clang (experimental P1144)
x86-64 clang (experimental P1221)
x86-64 clang (experimental P2996)
x86-64 clang (experimental P3068)
x86-64 clang (experimental P3309)
x86-64 clang (experimental P3367)
x86-64 clang (experimental P3372)
x86-64 clang (experimental metaprogramming - P2632)
x86-64 clang (old concepts branch)
x86-64 clang (p1974)
x86-64 clang (pattern matching - P2688)
x86-64 clang (reflection)
x86-64 clang (resugar)
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/* Example use of std::error implicit conversion (C) 2018-2019 Niall Douglas <http://www.nedproductions.biz/> (5 commits) File Created: Sept 2018 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License in the accompanying file Licence.txt or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying file Licence.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) */ #define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS #include <stdio.h> // for sprintf #if !defined(__GNUC__) || __GNUC__ > 6 // GCC 6 chokes on this #include "outcome-experimental.hpp" /* Original note to WG21: This code is to prove that proposed P1028 `std::error` need not be more than two CPU registers in size, yet it can still transport arbitrary payload. We firstly will define a custom code domain for a `file_io_error` code whose value type carries __FILE__ and __LINE__ (i.e. `source_location`) in addition to the cause of the error. This is what one would expect end users to do in order to define a specialised failure type local to a specific piece of code, or library. In our case, `file_io_error` will be lightweight and deterministic by being trivially copyable. We secondly will tell the type system that an implicit conversion between `file_io_error` and `error` exists via `make_status_code_ptr()`. This bundles the `file_io_error` instance into dynamically allocated memory, and returns an `error` instance referring to that. Thus if under P0709 a function with `throws(file_io_error)` is called by a function with merely `throws(std::error)`, a `std::error` can be **implicitly** constructed by the compiler from the `file_io_error`. I prove this in code below (see end). */ /********************** Example boilerplate begins ***********************/ //! [preamble] namespace outcome_e = OUTCOME_V2_NAMESPACE::experimental; // To define a `file_io_error` which participates in the P1028 world // of `std::error`, we must first declare, then define, a custom code // domain which extends `posix_code` (the std error coding for POSIX // failures). The following is fairly standard boilerplate for defining // a custom code domain. It is analogous to defining a custom `std::error_category`. class _file_io_error_domain; // We define `file_io_error` to be the status code whose domain is `_file_io_error_domain`. using file_io_error = outcome_e::status_code<_file_io_error_domain>; // Now we define `_file_io_error_domain`. class _file_io_error_domain : public outcome_e::posix_code::domain_type { using _base = typename outcome_e::posix_code::domain_type; //! [preamble] //! [value_type] public: // This is the value type for `file_io_error`. We add line number and source file path. struct value_type { typename outcome_e::posix_code::value_type errcode; // from POSIX, as we inherit from _posix_code_domain // Our additional payload int lineno; // from __LINE__ const char *file; // from __FILE__ // Could also place a backtrace of void *[16] here ... }; //! [value_type] //! [constructor] // unique id must be from a hard random number source // Use https://www.random.org/cgi-bin/randbyte?nbytes=8&format=h to get a hard random 64 bit id. // Do NOT make up your own value. Do NOT use zero. constexpr explicit _file_io_error_domain(typename _base::unique_id_type id = 0x230f170194fcc6c7) noexcept : _base(id) {} static inline constexpr const _file_io_error_domain &get(); //! [constructor] //! [string_ref] // Return the name of our custom code domain virtual _base::string_ref name() const noexcept override final // NOLINT { static string_ref v("file i/o error domain"); return v; // NOLINT } //! [string_ref] //! [message] // Return a string describing a specific code. We will return the // string returned by our POSIX code base domain, with the source // file and line number appended virtual _base::string_ref _do_message(const outcome_e::status_code<void> &code) const noexcept override final // NOLINT { assert(code.domain() == *this); // Fetch message from base domain (POSIX) auto msg = _base::_do_message(code); const auto &c1 = static_cast<const file_io_error &>(code); // NOLINT const value_type &v = c1.value(); // Append my source file and line number if(v.file == nullptr) { return msg; } size_t length = strlen(v.file) + 16 + msg.size(); auto *p = static_cast<char *>(malloc(length)); // NOLINT if(p == nullptr) { return _base::string_ref("failed to get message from system"); } sprintf(p, "%s (%s:%d)", msg.data(), v.file, v.lineno); // Return as atomically reference counted string return _base::atomic_refcounted_string_ref(p, length); } }; //! [message] //! [constexpr_source] // 100% constexpr instantiation constexpr _file_io_error_domain file_io_error_domain; inline constexpr const _file_io_error_domain &_file_io_error_domain::get() { return file_io_error_domain; } //! [constexpr_source] //! [implicit_conversion] // Now tell `error` how it can implicitly construct from `file_io_error`. // This is done by us defining a free function called `make_status_code()` // which is discovered using ADL. `error` is an alias to the refinement // `status_code<erased<intptr_t>>` which is a status code whose value type // has been erased into an `intptr_t`. `status_code<erased<intptr_t>>` // (i.e. `error`) are move bitcopying (P1029) i.e. they are move-only // types whose move operation is defined to leave the source in the same // representation as a default constructed instance, and for whose // non-trivial destructor when called upon a default constructed instance // is guaranteed to do nothing. inline outcome_e::system_code make_status_code(file_io_error v) { // `make_status_code_ptr()` dynamically allocates memory to store an // instance of `file_io_error`, then returns a status code whose domain // specifies that its value type is a pointer to `file_io_error`. The // domain is a templated instance which indirects all observers of the // status code to the pointed-to status code. // // Note that the status code returned's value type is a pointer, which // by definition fits into `intptr_t` and is trivially copyable. // Therefore `system_code` (which is also a type alias to // `status_code<erased<intptr_t>>`) is happy to implicitly construct // from the status code returned by `make_status_code_ptr()`. return make_status_code_ptr(std::move(v)); } //! [implicit_conversion] /********************** Proof it works begins ***********************/ #include <memory> #include <utility> struct file_deleter { void operator()(FILE *h) const { if(h != nullptr) ::fclose(h); } }; using file_handle = std::unique_ptr<FILE, file_deleter>; //! [typedef] template <class T, class E = outcome_e::error> using result = // outcome_e::status_result<T, E, outcome_e::policy::default_status_result_policy<T, E>>; //! [typedef] //! [open_file] result<file_handle, file_io_error> open_file(const char *path) // models throws(file_io_error) { file_handle ret(::fopen(path, "r")); if(ret) return ret; return file_io_error({errno, __LINE__, __FILE__}); } result<void> open_resource() // models throws(std::error) { for(;;) { result<file_handle, file_io_error> r = open_file("some file"); if(r) break; file_io_error e = r.error(); if(e != outcome_e::errc::resource_unavailable_try_again) { // NOTE this implicitly converts from `file_io_error` to `error` via the // `make_status_code()` free function customisation point defined above. return e; } } // success continues here ... return outcome_e::success(); } int main(void) { result<void> r = open_resource(); if(r) printf("Success!\n"); else { auto e = std::move(r).error(); // A quick demonstration that the indirection works as indicated printf("Returned error has a code domain of '%s', a message of '%s'\n", e.domain().name().c_str(), e.message().c_str()); printf("\nAnd semantically comparing it to 'errc::no_such_file_or_directory' = %d\n", e == outcome_e::errc::no_such_file_or_directory); } } //! [open_file] #else int main(void) { return 0; } #endif
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