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c++ source #1
Output
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Intel asm syntax
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Filters
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Debug intrinsics
Compiler
6502-c++ 11.1.0
ARM GCC 10.2.0
ARM GCC 10.3.0
ARM GCC 10.4.0
ARM GCC 10.5.0
ARM GCC 11.1.0
ARM GCC 11.2.0
ARM GCC 11.3.0
ARM GCC 11.4.0
ARM GCC 12.1.0
ARM GCC 12.2.0
ARM GCC 12.3.0
ARM GCC 13.1.0
ARM GCC 13.2.0
ARM GCC 13.2.0 (unknown-eabi)
ARM GCC 4.5.4
ARM GCC 4.6.4
ARM GCC 5.4
ARM GCC 6.3.0
ARM GCC 6.4.0
ARM GCC 7.3.0
ARM GCC 7.5.0
ARM GCC 8.2.0
ARM GCC 8.5.0
ARM GCC 9.3.0
ARM GCC 9.4.0
ARM GCC 9.5.0
ARM GCC trunk
ARM gcc 10.2.1 (none)
ARM gcc 10.3.1 (2021.07 none)
ARM gcc 10.3.1 (2021.10 none)
ARM gcc 11.2.1 (none)
ARM gcc 5.4.1 (none)
ARM gcc 7.2.1 (none)
ARM gcc 8.2 (WinCE)
ARM gcc 8.3.1 (none)
ARM gcc 9.2.1 (none)
ARM msvc v19.0 (WINE)
ARM msvc v19.10 (WINE)
ARM msvc v19.14 (WINE)
ARM64 Morello gcc 10.1 Alpha 2
ARM64 gcc 10.2
ARM64 gcc 10.3
ARM64 gcc 10.4
ARM64 gcc 10.5.0
ARM64 gcc 11.1
ARM64 gcc 11.2
ARM64 gcc 11.3
ARM64 gcc 11.4.0
ARM64 gcc 12.1
ARM64 gcc 12.2.0
ARM64 gcc 12.3.0
ARM64 gcc 13.1.0
ARM64 gcc 13.2.0
ARM64 gcc 5.4
ARM64 gcc 6.3
ARM64 gcc 6.4
ARM64 gcc 7.3
ARM64 gcc 7.5
ARM64 gcc 8.2
ARM64 gcc 8.5
ARM64 gcc 9.3
ARM64 gcc 9.4
ARM64 gcc 9.5
ARM64 gcc trunk
ARM64 msvc v19.14 (WINE)
AVR gcc 10.3.0
AVR gcc 11.1.0
AVR gcc 12.1.0
AVR gcc 12.2.0
AVR gcc 12.3.0
AVR gcc 13.1.0
AVR gcc 13.2.0
AVR gcc 4.5.4
AVR gcc 4.6.4
AVR gcc 5.4.0
AVR gcc 9.2.0
AVR gcc 9.3.0
Arduino Mega (1.8.9)
Arduino Uno (1.8.9)
BPF clang (trunk)
BPF clang 13.0.0
BPF clang 14.0.0
BPF clang 15.0.0
BPF clang 16.0.0
BPF clang 17.0.1
BPF clang 18.1.0
BPF gcc 13.1.0
BPF gcc 13.2.0
BPF gcc trunk
EDG (experimental reflection)
EDG 6.5
EDG 6.5 (GNU mode gcc 13)
EDG 6.6
EDG 6.6 (GNU mode gcc 13)
FRC 2019
FRC 2020
FRC 2023
KVX ACB 4.1.0 (GCC 7.5.0)
KVX ACB 4.1.0-cd1 (GCC 7.5.0)
KVX ACB 4.10.0 (GCC 10.3.1)
KVX ACB 4.11.1 (GCC 10.3.1)
KVX ACB 4.12.0 (GCC 11.3.0)
KVX ACB 4.2.0 (GCC 7.5.0)
KVX ACB 4.3.0 (GCC 7.5.0)
KVX ACB 4.4.0 (GCC 7.5.0)
KVX ACB 4.6.0 (GCC 9.4.1)
KVX ACB 4.8.0 (GCC 9.4.1)
KVX ACB 4.9.0 (GCC 9.4.1)
M68K gcc 13.1.0
M68K gcc 13.2.0
M68k clang (trunk)
MRISC32 gcc (trunk)
MSP430 gcc 4.5.3
MSP430 gcc 5.3.0
MSP430 gcc 6.2.1
MinGW clang 14.0.3
MinGW clang 14.0.6
MinGW clang 15.0.7
MinGW clang 16.0.0
MinGW clang 16.0.2
MinGW gcc 11.3.0
MinGW gcc 12.1.0
MinGW gcc 12.2.0
MinGW gcc 13.1.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc (trunk)
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 10.2.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 10.3.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 11.2.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 11.3.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 11.4.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 12.1.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 12.2.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 12.3.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 13.1.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 13.2.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 8.2.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 8.5.0
RISC-V (32-bits) gcc 9.4.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc (trunk)
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 10.2.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 10.3.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 11.2.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 11.3.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 11.4.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 12.1.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 12.2.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 12.3.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 13.1.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 13.2.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 8.2.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 8.5.0
RISC-V (64-bits) gcc 9.4.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang (trunk)
RISC-V rv32gc clang 10.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 10.0.1
RISC-V rv32gc clang 11.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 11.0.1
RISC-V rv32gc clang 12.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 12.0.1
RISC-V rv32gc clang 13.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 13.0.1
RISC-V rv32gc clang 14.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 15.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 16.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 17.0.1
RISC-V rv32gc clang 18.1.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 9.0.0
RISC-V rv32gc clang 9.0.1
RISC-V rv64gc clang (trunk)
RISC-V rv64gc clang 10.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 10.0.1
RISC-V rv64gc clang 11.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 11.0.1
RISC-V rv64gc clang 12.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 12.0.1
RISC-V rv64gc clang 13.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 13.0.1
RISC-V rv64gc clang 14.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 15.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 16.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 17.0.1
RISC-V rv64gc clang 18.1.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 9.0.0
RISC-V rv64gc clang 9.0.1
Raspbian Buster
Raspbian Stretch
SPARC LEON gcc 12.2.0
SPARC LEON gcc 12.3.0
SPARC LEON gcc 13.1.0
SPARC LEON gcc 13.2.0
SPARC gcc 12.2.0
SPARC gcc 12.3.0
SPARC gcc 13.1.0
SPARC gcc 13.2.0
SPARC64 gcc 12.2.0
SPARC64 gcc 12.3.0
SPARC64 gcc 13.1.0
SPARC64 gcc 13.2.0
TI C6x gcc 12.2.0
TI C6x gcc 12.3.0
TI C6x gcc 13.1.0
TI C6x gcc 13.2.0
TI CL430 21.6.1
VAX gcc NetBSDELF 10.4.0
VAX gcc NetBSDELF 10.5.0 (Nov 15 03:50:22 2023)
WebAssembly clang (trunk)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 11.2.0 (2022r1)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 12.2.0 (20230208)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 8.2.0 (2019r2)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 8.2.0 (2020r1)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 8.2.0 (2020r2)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 8.4.0 (2020r3)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 8.4.0 (2021r1)
Xtensa ESP32 gcc 8.4.0 (2021r2)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 11.2.0 (2022r1)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 12.2.0 (20230208)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 8.2.0 (2019r2)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 8.2.0 (2020r1)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 8.2.0 (2020r2)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 8.4.0 (2020r3)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 8.4.0 (2021r1)
Xtensa ESP32-S2 gcc 8.4.0 (2021r2)
Xtensa ESP32-S3 gcc 11.2.0 (2022r1)
Xtensa ESP32-S3 gcc 12.2.0 (20230208)
Xtensa ESP32-S3 gcc 8.4.0 (2020r3)
Xtensa ESP32-S3 gcc 8.4.0 (2021r1)
Xtensa ESP32-S3 gcc 8.4.0 (2021r2)
arm64 msvc v19.28 VS16.9
arm64 msvc v19.29 VS16.10
arm64 msvc v19.29 VS16.11
arm64 msvc v19.30
arm64 msvc v19.31
arm64 msvc v19.32
arm64 msvc v19.33
arm64 msvc v19.34
arm64 msvc v19.35
arm64 msvc v19.36
arm64 msvc v19.37
arm64 msvc v19.38
arm64 msvc v19.latest
armv7-a clang (trunk)
armv7-a clang 10.0.0
armv7-a clang 10.0.1
armv7-a clang 11.0.0
armv7-a clang 11.0.1
armv7-a clang 12.0.0
armv7-a clang 12.0.1
armv7-a clang 13.0.0
armv7-a clang 13.0.1
armv7-a clang 14.0.0
armv7-a clang 15.0.0
armv7-a clang 16.0.0
armv7-a clang 17.0.1
armv7-a clang 18.1.0
armv7-a clang 9.0.0
armv7-a clang 9.0.1
armv8-a clang (all architectural features, trunk)
armv8-a clang (trunk)
armv8-a clang 10.0.0
armv8-a clang 10.0.1
armv8-a clang 11.0.0
armv8-a clang 11.0.1
armv8-a clang 12.0.0
armv8-a clang 13.0.0
armv8-a clang 14.0.0
armv8-a clang 15.0.0
armv8-a clang 16.0.0
armv8-a clang 17.0.1
armv8-a clang 18.1.0
armv8-a clang 9.0.0
armv8-a clang 9.0.1
ellcc 0.1.33
ellcc 0.1.34
ellcc 2017-07-16
hexagon-clang 16.0.5
llvm-mos atari2600-3e
llvm-mos atari2600-4k
llvm-mos atari2600-common
llvm-mos atari5200-supercart
llvm-mos atari8-cart-megacart
llvm-mos atari8-cart-std
llvm-mos atari8-cart-xegs
llvm-mos atari8-common
llvm-mos atari8-dos
llvm-mos c128
llvm-mos c64
llvm-mos commodore
llvm-mos cpm65
llvm-mos cx16
llvm-mos dodo
llvm-mos eater
llvm-mos mega65
llvm-mos nes
llvm-mos nes-action53
llvm-mos nes-cnrom
llvm-mos nes-gtrom
llvm-mos nes-mmc1
llvm-mos nes-mmc3
llvm-mos nes-nrom
llvm-mos nes-unrom
llvm-mos nes-unrom-512
llvm-mos osi-c1p
llvm-mos pce
llvm-mos pce-cd
llvm-mos pce-common
llvm-mos pet
llvm-mos rp6502
llvm-mos rpc8e
llvm-mos supervision
llvm-mos vic20
loongarch64 gcc 12.2.0
loongarch64 gcc 12.3.0
loongarch64 gcc 13.1.0
loongarch64 gcc 13.2.0
mips clang 13.0.0
mips clang 14.0.0
mips clang 15.0.0
mips clang 16.0.0
mips clang 17.0.1
mips clang 18.1.0
mips gcc 11.2.0
mips gcc 12.1.0
mips gcc 12.2.0
mips gcc 12.3.0
mips gcc 13.1.0
mips gcc 13.2.0
mips gcc 4.9.4
mips gcc 5.4
mips gcc 5.5.0
mips gcc 9.3.0 (codescape)
mips gcc 9.5.0
mips64 (el) gcc 12.1.0
mips64 (el) gcc 12.2.0
mips64 (el) gcc 12.3.0
mips64 (el) gcc 13.1.0
mips64 (el) gcc 13.2.0
mips64 (el) gcc 4.9.4
mips64 (el) gcc 5.4.0
mips64 (el) gcc 5.5.0
mips64 (el) gcc 9.5.0
mips64 clang 13.0.0
mips64 clang 14.0.0
mips64 clang 15.0.0
mips64 clang 16.0.0
mips64 clang 17.0.1
mips64 clang 18.1.0
mips64 gcc 11.2.0
mips64 gcc 12.1.0
mips64 gcc 12.2.0
mips64 gcc 12.3.0
mips64 gcc 13.1.0
mips64 gcc 13.2.0
mips64 gcc 4.9.4
mips64 gcc 5.4.0
mips64 gcc 5.5.0
mips64 gcc 9.5.0
mips64el clang 13.0.0
mips64el clang 14.0.0
mips64el clang 15.0.0
mips64el clang 16.0.0
mips64el clang 17.0.1
mips64el clang 18.1.0
mipsel clang 13.0.0
mipsel clang 14.0.0
mipsel clang 15.0.0
mipsel clang 16.0.0
mipsel clang 17.0.1
mipsel clang 18.1.0
mipsel gcc 12.1.0
mipsel gcc 12.2.0
mipsel gcc 12.3.0
mipsel gcc 13.1.0
mipsel gcc 13.2.0
mipsel gcc 4.9.4
mipsel gcc 5.4.0
mipsel gcc 5.5.0
mipsel gcc 9.5.0
nanoMIPS gcc 6.3.0 (mtk)
power gcc 11.2.0
power gcc 12.1.0
power gcc 12.2.0
power gcc 12.3.0
power gcc 13.1.0
power gcc 13.2.0
power gcc 4.8.5
power64 AT12.0 (gcc8)
power64 AT13.0 (gcc9)
power64 gcc 11.2.0
power64 gcc 12.1.0
power64 gcc 12.2.0
power64 gcc 12.3.0
power64 gcc 13.1.0
power64 gcc 13.2.0
power64 gcc trunk
power64le AT12.0 (gcc8)
power64le AT13.0 (gcc9)
power64le clang (trunk)
power64le gcc 11.2.0
power64le gcc 12.1.0
power64le gcc 12.2.0
power64le gcc 12.3.0
power64le gcc 13.1.0
power64le gcc 13.2.0
power64le gcc 6.3.0
power64le gcc trunk
powerpc64 clang (trunk)
s390x gcc 11.2.0
s390x gcc 12.1.0
s390x gcc 12.2.0
s390x gcc 12.3.0
s390x gcc 13.1.0
s390x gcc 13.2.0
sh gcc 12.2.0
sh gcc 12.3.0
sh gcc 13.1.0
sh gcc 13.2.0
sh gcc 4.9.4
sh gcc 9.5.0
vast (trunk)
x64 msvc v19.0 (WINE)
x64 msvc v19.10 (WINE)
x64 msvc v19.14
x64 msvc v19.14 (WINE)
x64 msvc v19.15
x64 msvc v19.16
x64 msvc v19.20
x64 msvc v19.21
x64 msvc v19.22
x64 msvc v19.23
x64 msvc v19.24
x64 msvc v19.25
x64 msvc v19.26
x64 msvc v19.27
x64 msvc v19.28
x64 msvc v19.28 VS16.9
x64 msvc v19.29 VS16.10
x64 msvc v19.29 VS16.11
x64 msvc v19.30
x64 msvc v19.31
x64 msvc v19.32
x64 msvc v19.33
x64 msvc v19.34
x64 msvc v19.35
x64 msvc v19.36
x64 msvc v19.37
x64 msvc v19.38
x64 msvc v19.latest
x86 djgpp 4.9.4
x86 djgpp 5.5.0
x86 djgpp 6.4.0
x86 djgpp 7.2.0
x86 msvc v19.0 (WINE)
x86 msvc v19.10 (WINE)
x86 msvc v19.14
x86 msvc v19.14 (WINE)
x86 msvc v19.15
x86 msvc v19.16
x86 msvc v19.20
x86 msvc v19.21
x86 msvc v19.22
x86 msvc v19.23
x86 msvc v19.24
x86 msvc v19.25
x86 msvc v19.26
x86 msvc v19.27
x86 msvc v19.28
x86 msvc v19.28 VS16.9
x86 msvc v19.29 VS16.10
x86 msvc v19.29 VS16.11
x86 msvc v19.30
x86 msvc v19.31
x86 msvc v19.32
x86 msvc v19.33
x86 msvc v19.34
x86 msvc v19.35
x86 msvc v19.36
x86 msvc v19.37
x86 msvc v19.38
x86 msvc v19.latest
x86 nvc++ 22.11
x86 nvc++ 22.7
x86 nvc++ 22.9
x86 nvc++ 23.1
x86 nvc++ 23.11
x86 nvc++ 23.3
x86 nvc++ 23.5
x86 nvc++ 23.7
x86 nvc++ 23.9
x86 nvc++ 24.1
x86 nvc++ 24.3
x86-64 Zapcc 190308
x86-64 clang (amd-stg-open)
x86-64 clang (assertions trunk)
x86-64 clang (clangir)
x86-64 clang (experimental -Wlifetime)
x86-64 clang (experimental P1061)
x86-64 clang (experimental P1144)
x86-64 clang (experimental P1221)
x86-64 clang (experimental P2996)
x86-64 clang (experimental metaprogramming - P2632)
x86-64 clang (experimental pattern matching)
x86-64 clang (old concepts branch)
x86-64 clang (reflection)
x86-64 clang (resugar)
x86-64 clang (thephd.dev)
x86-64 clang (trunk)
x86-64 clang (variadic friends - P2893)
x86-64 clang (widberg)
x86-64 clang 10.0.0
x86-64 clang 10.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 10.0.1
x86-64 clang 11.0.0
x86-64 clang 11.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 11.0.1
x86-64 clang 12.0.0
x86-64 clang 12.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 12.0.1
x86-64 clang 13.0.0
x86-64 clang 13.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 13.0.1
x86-64 clang 14.0.0
x86-64 clang 14.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 15.0.0
x86-64 clang 15.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 16.0.0
x86-64 clang 16.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 17.0.1
x86-64 clang 17.0.1 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 18.1.0
x86-64 clang 18.1.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 2.6.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 2.7.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 2.8.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 2.9.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 3.0.0
x86-64 clang 3.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 3.1
x86-64 clang 3.1 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 3.2
x86-64 clang 3.2 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 3.3
x86-64 clang 3.3 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 3.4 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 3.4.1
x86-64 clang 3.5
x86-64 clang 3.5 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 3.5.1
x86-64 clang 3.5.2
x86-64 clang 3.6
x86-64 clang 3.6 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 3.7
x86-64 clang 3.7 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 3.7.1
x86-64 clang 3.8
x86-64 clang 3.8 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 3.8.1
x86-64 clang 3.9.0
x86-64 clang 3.9.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 3.9.1
x86-64 clang 4.0.0
x86-64 clang 4.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 4.0.1
x86-64 clang 5.0.0
x86-64 clang 5.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 5.0.1
x86-64 clang 5.0.2
x86-64 clang 6.0.0
x86-64 clang 6.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 6.0.1
x86-64 clang 7.0.0
x86-64 clang 7.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 7.0.1
x86-64 clang 7.1.0
x86-64 clang 8.0.0
x86-64 clang 8.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 8.0.1
x86-64 clang 9.0.0
x86-64 clang 9.0.0 (assertions)
x86-64 clang 9.0.1
x86-64 clang rocm-4.5.2
x86-64 clang rocm-5.0.2
x86-64 clang rocm-5.1.3
x86-64 clang rocm-5.2.3
x86-64 clang rocm-5.3.3
x86-64 clang rocm-5.7.0
x86-64 gcc (contract labels)
x86-64 gcc (contracts natural syntax)
x86-64 gcc (contracts)
x86-64 gcc (coroutines)
x86-64 gcc (modules)
x86-64 gcc (trunk)
x86-64 gcc 10.1
x86-64 gcc 10.2
x86-64 gcc 10.3
x86-64 gcc 10.4
x86-64 gcc 10.5
x86-64 gcc 11.1
x86-64 gcc 11.2
x86-64 gcc 11.3
x86-64 gcc 11.4
x86-64 gcc 12.1
x86-64 gcc 12.2
x86-64 gcc 12.3
x86-64 gcc 13.1
x86-64 gcc 13.2
x86-64 gcc 14.1
x86-64 gcc 3.4.6
x86-64 gcc 4.0.4
x86-64 gcc 4.1.2
x86-64 gcc 4.4.7
x86-64 gcc 4.5.3
x86-64 gcc 4.6.4
x86-64 gcc 4.7.1
x86-64 gcc 4.7.2
x86-64 gcc 4.7.3
x86-64 gcc 4.7.4
x86-64 gcc 4.8.1
x86-64 gcc 4.8.2
x86-64 gcc 4.8.3
x86-64 gcc 4.8.4
x86-64 gcc 4.8.5
x86-64 gcc 4.9.0
x86-64 gcc 4.9.1
x86-64 gcc 4.9.2
x86-64 gcc 4.9.3
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// T O G G L E F O R D I F F E R E N T C O D E G E N E R A T I O N : #define MEMCPY_AS_MACRO 0 #define MUST(X) __assume(X) using uint32_t = unsigned int; using uint64_t = unsigned long long; using ptrdiff_t = decltype(static_cast<int *>(nullptr) - static_cast<int *>(nullptr)); extern "C" void * __cdecl memcpy(void * __restrict, void const * __restrict, size_t); constexpr auto float_inf = 3.4028234e38f * 2.f; static float fabsf(float const x) { # if _MSC_VER return x < 0.0f ? -x : x; // no other compiler translates this to a bitmask # else return __builtin_fabs(x); # endif } static bool isFinite(float const x) { return fabsf(x) < float_inf; // NaN comparisons return “false” } template <typename T> T const * byteOffset(T const * p, ptrdiff_t n) { return reinterpret_cast<T const *>(reinterpret_cast<char const *>(p) + n); } // T O G G L E F O R D I F F E R E N T C O D E G E N E R A T I O N : #if MEMCPY_AS_MACRO # define MEMCPY(DEST, SRC, SIZE) \ MUST(size_t(SRC) + (SIZE) <= size_t(DEST) || size_t(SRC) >= size_t(DEST) + (SIZE)); /* must not overlap */ \ ::memcpy((DEST), (SRC), (SIZE)) #else static void MEMCPY( void * __restrict const dest, void const * __restrict const src, size_t const size ) { MUST(size_t(src) + size <= size_t(dest) || size_t(src) >= size_t(dest) + size); // must not overlap # if _MSC_VER memcpy(dest, src, size); # else __builtin_memcpy(dest, src, size); # endif } #endif namespace musl { static double asdouble(uint64_t const bits) { double result; MEMCPY(&result, &bits, sizeof result); return result; } static uint64_t asuint64(double const d) { uint64_t result; MEMCPY(&result, &d, sizeof result); return result; } static double asfloat(uint32_t const bits) { float result; MEMCPY(&result, &bits, sizeof result); return result; } static uint32_t asuint(float const f) { uint32_t result; MEMCPY(&result, &f, sizeof result); return result; } /* Returns 0 if not int, 1 if odd int, 2 if even int. The argument is the bit representation of a non-zero finite floating-point value. */ static constexpr int checkint(uint32_t iy) { int e = iy >> 23 & 0xff; if (e < 0x7f) return 0; if (e > 0x7f + 23) return 2; if (iy & ((1 << (0x7f + 23 - e)) - 1)) return 0; if (iy & (1 << (0x7f + 23 - e))) return 1; return 2; } /* Shared between expf, exp2f and powf. */ constexpr auto EXP2F_TABLE_BITS = 5; constexpr auto EXP2F_POLY_ORDER = 3; constexpr auto EXP2F_TABLE_N = 1 << EXP2F_TABLE_BITS; constexpr struct { uint64_t tab[1 << EXP2F_TABLE_BITS]; double shift_scaled; double poly[EXP2F_POLY_ORDER]; double shift; double invln2_scaled; double poly_scaled[EXP2F_POLY_ORDER]; } exp2f_data = { { 0x3ff0000000000000, 0x3fefd9b0d3158574, 0x3fefb5586cf9890f, 0x3fef9301d0125b51, 0x3fef72b83c7d517b, 0x3fef54873168b9aa, 0x3fef387a6e756238, 0x3fef1e9df51fdee1, 0x3fef06fe0a31b715, 0x3feef1a7373aa9cb, 0x3feedea64c123422, 0x3feece086061892d, 0x3feebfdad5362a27, 0x3feeb42b569d4f82, 0x3feeab07dd485429, 0x3feea47eb03a5585, 0x3feea09e667f3bcd, 0x3fee9f75e8ec5f74, 0x3feea11473eb0187, 0x3feea589994cce13, 0x3feeace5422aa0db, 0x3feeb737b0cdc5e5, 0x3feec49182a3f090, 0x3feed503b23e255d, 0x3feee89f995ad3ad, 0x3feeff76f2fb5e47, 0x3fef199bdd85529c, 0x3fef3720dcef9069, 0x3fef5818dcfba487, 0x3fef7c97337b9b5f, 0x3fefa4afa2a490da, 0x3fefd0765b6e4540 }, 0x1.8p+52 / EXP2F_TABLE_N, { 0x1.c6af84b912394p-5, 0x1.ebfce50fac4f3p-3, 0x1.62e42ff0c52d6p-1 }, 0x1.8p+52, 0x1.71547652b82fep+0 * EXP2F_TABLE_N, { 0x1.c6af84b912394p-5 / EXP2F_TABLE_N / EXP2F_TABLE_N / EXP2F_TABLE_N, 0x1.ebfce50fac4f3p-3 / EXP2F_TABLE_N / EXP2F_TABLE_N, 0x1.62e42ff0c52d6p-1 / EXP2F_TABLE_N } }; constexpr auto POWF_LOG2_TABLE_BITS = 4; constexpr auto POWF_LOG2_POLY_ORDER = 5; # define POWF_SCALE_BITS 0 constexpr auto POWF_SCALE = static_cast<double>(1 << POWF_SCALE_BITS); constexpr struct powf_log2_data { struct { double invc, logc; } tab[1 << POWF_LOG2_TABLE_BITS]; double poly[POWF_LOG2_POLY_ORDER]; } powf_log2_data = { { { 0x1.661ec79f8f3bep+0, -0x1.efec65b963019p-2 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.571ed4aaf883dp+0, -0x1.b0b6832d4fca4p-2 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.49539f0f010b0p+0, -0x1.7418b0a1fb77bp-2 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.3c995b0b80385p+0, -0x1.39de91a6dcf7bp-2 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.30d190c8864a5p+0, -0x1.01d9bf3f2b631p-2 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.25e227b0b8ea0p+0, -0x1.97c1d1b3b7af0p-3 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.1bb4a4a1a343fp+0, -0x1.2f9e393af3c9fp-3 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.12358f08ae5bap+0, -0x1.960cbbf788d5cp-4 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.0953f419900a7p+0, -0x1.a6f9db6475fcep-5 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1p+0 , 0x0p+0 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.e608cfd9a47acp-1, 0x1.338ca9f24f53dp-4 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.ca4b31f026aa0p-1, 0x1.476a9543891bap-3 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.b2036576afce6p-1, 0x1.e840b4ac4e4d2p-3 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.9c2d163a1aa2dp-1, 0x1.40645f0c6651cp-2 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.886e6037841edp-1, 0x1.88e9c2c1b9ff8p-2 * POWF_SCALE }, { 0x1.767dcf5534862p-1, 0x1.ce0a44eb17bccp-2 * POWF_SCALE } }, { 0x1.27616c9496e0bp-2 * POWF_SCALE, -0x1.71969a075c67ap-2 * POWF_SCALE, 0x1.ec70a6ca7baddp-2 * POWF_SCALE, -0x1.7154748bef6c8p-1 * POWF_SCALE, 0x1.71547652ab82bp0 * POWF_SCALE } }; constexpr auto POWF_LOG2_TABLE_N = 1 << POWF_LOG2_TABLE_BITS; /* Subnormal input is normalized so ix has negative biased exponent. Output is multiplied by POWF_LOG2_TABLE_N (POWF_SCALE) if TOINT_INTRINICS is set. */ static double __forceinline powf_log2_inline(uint32_t const ix) { static constexpr auto OFF = 0x3f330000; /* x = 2^k z; where z is in range [OFF,2*OFF] and exact. The range is split into POWF_LOG2_TABLE_N subintervals. The ith subinterval contains z and c is near its center. */ uint32_t tmp = ix - OFF; auto const ioff = ((tmp >> (23 - POWF_LOG2_TABLE_BITS)) % POWF_LOG2_TABLE_N) * sizeof powf_log2_data.tab[0]; uint32_t top = tmp & 0xff800000; auto const iz = ix - top; auto const k = int(top) >> (23 - POWF_SCALE_BITS); // arithmetic shift auto const invc = byteOffset(powf_log2_data.tab, ioff)->invc; auto const logc = byteOffset(powf_log2_data.tab, ioff)->logc; auto const z = double(asfloat(iz)); /* log2(x) = log1p(z/c-1)/ln2 + log2(c) + k */ auto const r = z * invc - 1.0; auto const y0 = logc + double(k); /* Pipelined polynomial evaluation to approximate log1p(r)/ln2. */ auto const r2 = r * r; auto y = powf_log2_data.poly[0] * r + powf_log2_data.poly[1]; auto const p = powf_log2_data.poly[2] * r + powf_log2_data.poly[3]; auto const r4 = r2 * r2; auto q = powf_log2_data.poly[4] * r + y0 + p * r2; return y * r4 + q; } /* The output of log2 and thus the input of exp2 is either scaled by EXP2F_TABLE_N (in case of fast toint intrinsics) or not. The unscaled xd must be in [-1021,1023], sign_bias is either 0 or 0x800 << EXP2F_TABLE_BITS and sets the sign of the result. */ static float __forceinline powf_exp2_inline(double const xd, uint32_t const sign_bias) { uint64_t ki, ski, t; double kd, z, r, r2, y, s; /* x = k/EXP2F_TABLE_N + r with r in [-1/(2N), 1/(2N)] */ kd = xd + exp2f_data.shift_scaled; ki = asuint64(kd); kd -= exp2f_data.shift_scaled; /* k/EXP2F_TABLE_N */ r = xd - kd; /* exp2(x) = 2^(k/EXP2F_TABLE_N) * 2^r ~= s * (C0*r^3 + C1*r^2 + exp_data.poly[5 - EXP_POLY_ORDER]*r + 1) */ t = exp2f_data.tab[ki % EXP2F_TABLE_N]; ski = ki + sign_bias; t += ski << (52 - EXP2F_TABLE_BITS); s = asdouble(t); z = exp2f_data.poly[0] * r + exp2f_data.poly[1]; r2 = r * r; y = exp2f_data.poly[2] * r + 1; y = z * r2 + y; y = y * s; return static_cast<float>(y); } } // musl float fast_powf(float const base, float const exponent) { MUST(isFinite(base)); MUST(isFinite(exponent)); using namespace musl; // was originally “musl::powf()”, but then Visual C++ generated a useless stub if(0.0f == exponent) [[unlikely]] { return 1.0f; // zero’th power of anything makes one } auto ibase = asuint(base); auto const isExponentOddInteger = 1 == checkint(asuint(exponent)); if(0.0f == base) [[unlikely]] { auto result = 0.0f; if(exponent < 0.0f) { result = float_inf; } if((ibase & 0x8000'0000) && isExponentOddInteger) { result = -result; } return result; } uint32_t sign_bias = 0; if(ibase - 0x0080'0000 >= 0x7f80'0000 - 0x0080'0000) [[unlikely]] { // base < 0x1p-126? // Base and exponent are non-zero finite. if(ibase & 0x8000'0000) { // Finite base < 0. MUST(0 != checkint(asuint(exponent))); // cannot take fractional powers of negative numbers if(isExponentOddInteger) { sign_bias = 0x800 << EXP2F_TABLE_BITS; } ibase &= 0x7fff'ffff; } if(ibase < 0x0080'0000) { // Normalize subnormal base so exponent becomes negative. ibase = asuint(base * 0x1p23f); ibase &= 0x7fff'ffff; ibase -= 23 << 23; } } auto const log2Base = powf_log2_inline(ibase); auto const exponentLog2Base = exponent * log2Base; // cannot overflow, exponent is single-precision if((asuint64(exponentLog2Base) >> 47 & 0xffff) >= asuint64(126.0 * POWF_SCALE) >> 47) [[unlikely]] { // |exponent*log(base)| >= 126 if(exponentLog2Base > 0x1.fffffffd1d571p+6 * POWF_SCALE) { return float_inf; } else if(exponentLog2Base <= -150.0 * POWF_SCALE) { return -float_inf; } } return powf_exp2_inline(exponentLog2Base, sign_bias); }
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